A
CONCEPTUAL ENGINEERING REPORTAEROSIMEVTOL CONCEPT LAB
Aquila U-8
Fictional Lift + Cruise reference concept for simulation model 0.2.
LIMITED PURPOSE - CONCEPTUAL SIMULATION
Conceptual simulation only. Results are estimates based on simplified models and user-defined assumptions. They are not suitable for aircraft certification, flight authorization, safety decisions, or real-world aircraft operation without appropriate engineering validation.
01
AIRCRAFT OVERVIEW
Configuration and reconciled mass
Calculated takeoff mass600 kg
Operating empty mass420 kg
Payload180 kg
Declared MTOW600 kg
Passengers2
Mass definitionComponent-level
02
BATTERY
Energy storage
Total / usable capacity120 kWh / 90%
Battery mass / specific energy240 kg / 500 Wh/kg
Maximum discharge400 kW
Reserve SOC / efficiency20% / 96.0%
03
PROPULSION
Installed system
Motors / rotors8 / 8
Installed shaft power440 kW
Rotor diameter / total area1.75 m / 19.2 m²
Disk loading / thrust-weight31.2 kg/m² / 1.29
04
AERODYNAMICS
Reference geometry
Wing area / aspect ratio10.0 m² / 8.0
CD0 / Oswald efficiency0.035 / 0.80
Equivalent frontal area2.80 m²
Wing loading60.0 kg/m²
05
ENVIRONMENT
Reference conditions
Air density1.225 kg/m³
Temperature15.0 °C
Altitude0 m
Headwind12.0 km/h
06
MISSION
Mission 2026-042
Starting SOC100%
Phases5
Mission distance48.1 km
Mission duration29.5 min
Energy consumed15.69 kWh
End SOC / reserve margin86.9% / 66.9%
| Phase | Duration | Distance | Battery power | Energy | End SOC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VTOL | 1.00 min | 0.00 km | 110.4 kW | 1.84 kWh | 98.5% |
| CLIMB | 1.67 min | 2.44 km | 61.9 kW | 1.72 kWh | 97.0% |
| CRUISE | 23.33 min | 42.00 km | 26.2 kW | 10.18 kWh | 88.6% |
| DESCENT | 2.50 min | 3.67 km | 2.6 kW | 0.11 kWh | 88.5% |
| LAND | 1.00 min | 0.00 km | 110.4 kW | 1.84 kWh | 86.9% |
07
PERFORMANCE AND CONSTRAINTS
Model 0.2 results
StatusCONCEPT FEASIBLE
Estimated range379.5 km
Hover battery power110.4 kW
Cruise battery power26.2 kW
Energy per distance0.326 kWh/km
Input hashfnv1a-a78438c9
| Constraint | Actual | Limit | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hover shaft power | 91.35 kW | 440.00 kW | PASS |
| Hover battery power | 110.40 kW | 400.00 kW | PASS |
| Required hover thrust | 5,886.00 N | 7,600.00 N | PASS |
| Calculated takeoff mass | 600.00 kg | 600.00 kg | PASS |
| Required shaft power | 91.35 kW | 440.00 kW | PASS |
| Required battery power | 110.40 kW | 400.00 kW | PASS |
| Required shaft power | 50.26 kW | 440.00 kW | PASS |
| Required battery power | 61.91 kW | 400.00 kW | PASS |
| Required lift coefficient | 1.25 ratio | 1.50 ratio | PASS |
| Required shaft power | 19.97 kW | 440.00 kW | PASS |
| Required battery power | 26.18 kW | 400.00 kW | PASS |
| Required lift coefficient | 0.86 ratio | 1.50 ratio | PASS |
| Required shaft power | 0.00 kW | 440.00 kW | PASS |
| Required battery power | 2.60 kW | 400.00 kW | PASS |
| Required lift coefficient | 1.25 ratio | 1.50 ratio | PASS |
| Required shaft power | 91.35 kW | 440.00 kW | PASS |
| Required battery power | 110.40 kW | 400.00 kW | PASS |
| Mission energy | 15.69 kWh | 96.00 kWh | PASS |
08
MODEL TRACEABILITY
Equations and assumptions
Equations used by model 0.2
v02.weightW = m × gv02.rotor-areaA = N_rotor × π × (d / 2)²v02.hover-idealP_ideal = T^(3/2) / sqrt(2ρA)v02.hover-shaftP_shaft = P_ideal / FMv02.dynamic-pressureq = 0.5ρV²v02.lift-coefficientCL = W / (qS)v02.drag-polarCD = CD0 + CL² / (πeAR)v02.dragD = qSCDv02.aerodynamic-powerP_aero = D × Vv02.climb-powerP_climb = W × vertical_ratev02.descent-powerP_required = max(0, P_aero - W × vertical_rate)v02.electrical-powerP_bus = P_shaft / (η_motor × η_inverter) + P_auxv02.battery-powerP_battery = P_bus / η_batteryv02.energyE = P_battery × tv02.socSOC_end = SOC_start - E / E_nameplate × 100v02.rangeR = d_noncruise + (E_budget - E_noncruise) / (E_cruise / d_cruise)Assumptions
v02.environment.user-densityAir density is supplied by the aircraft environment and remains constant for the mission.v02.phase.steady-stateEach mission phase is treated as a steady operating condition; transitions are omitted.v02.hover.uniform-inflowHover induced power uses uniform actuator-disk momentum theory.v02.hover.figure-of-meritA user-supplied figure of merit corrects ideal induced power to rotor shaft power.v02.hover.profile-power-implicitRotor profile and installation losses are represented only through figure of merit.v02.aero.parabolic-polarWing-borne flight uses CD = CD0 + CL²/(πeAR).v02.climb.excess-powerClimb adds m × g × vertical rate to drag power.v02.descent.no-regenerationDescent propulsive power cannot be negative; regenerative energy is not credited.v02.battery.no-thermal-modelBattery voltage sag, temperature, C-rate derating and thermal behavior are omitted.v02.range.fixed-profileRange extends the simulated cruise profile after reserving energy for non-cruise phases.